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Finance GlossaryForeign Direct Investment
Foreign Direct Investment
Definition of Foreign Direct Investment
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the act of acquiring a majority stake in a company located in a different country with the intention of assisting, growing, and managing the business.
FDIs and FPIs may seem similar but there is a major difference - lasting interest. When a company or investor obtains at least 10% control of foreign company with the intention of actively managing the business, it’s known as lasting interest.
A company that establishes a subsidiary in another country can also be classified as FDI. FDIs can also be made through mergers and acquisitions as well as collaborations with foreign companies
FDIs and FPIs may seem similar but there is a major difference - lasting interest. When a company or investor obtains at least 10% control of foreign company with the intention of actively managing the business, it’s known as lasting interest.
A company that establishes a subsidiary in another country can also be classified as FDI. FDIs can also be made through mergers and acquisitions as well as collaborations with foreign companies
Related Terms
Book Running Lead Manager
A book running lead manager is the head or lead of the underwriting process when new shares or securities are issued for their client, most commonly during an IPO.
For context, there was a time when physical ownership certificates were issued. If someone wanted to sell their shares, they’d have to present the ownership certificate and get it transferred to the buyer.
Also known as the book runner, the book running lead manager handles these crucial elements of the underwriting process:
- Perform due diligence
- Determine the final offering price
- Record & track interested buyers
- Confirm orders
- Guarantee purchase
Grey Market
The grey market is an unofficial yet legal marketplace where unlisted or soon-to-be-listed securities are traded.
By definition, the grey market is an over-the-counter market because of the lack of regulation and structure.
Underwriters of an IPO gauge market demand for a share by analyzing the grey market premium for it before going public.
By definition, the grey market is an over-the-counter market because of the lack of regulation and structure.
Underwriters of an IPO gauge market demand for a share by analyzing the grey market premium for it before going public.
Cash Reserve Ratio
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is the amount of liquid cash a bank has to deposit with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), calculated as a percentage of the total deposit of the bank. The latest Cash Reserve Ratio in India is 4.5%.
There are two important uses of CRR:
- It acts as a reserve or collateral because banks borrow money from the RBI
-
The RBI decides the interest rate for borrowing based on the CRR
These two pointers become extremely important during high inflation as the RBI can hike interest rates with the assurance of having collateral from banks.
Book To Bill Ratio
Book to Bill ratio is the value you get by dividing the total worth of new orders received by the total worth of orders sold. The formula to calculate Book to Bill ratio is:
Book to Bill ratio: Total worth of new orders received / Total worth of orders billed
Book to Bill ratio helps companies understand the demand and supply for their goods or services. A Book to Bill ratio of more than 1 means that there’s more demand and less supply.
Whereas, a Book to Bill ratio of less than 1 means that there’s less demand and more supply. Using these indicators, the company can work on increasing or limiting production.
Book to Bill ratio: Total worth of new orders received / Total worth of orders billed
Book to Bill ratio helps companies understand the demand and supply for their goods or services. A Book to Bill ratio of more than 1 means that there’s more demand and less supply.
Whereas, a Book to Bill ratio of less than 1 means that there’s less demand and more supply. Using these indicators, the company can work on increasing or limiting production.
Average True Range Atr
The Average True Range (ATR) is a technical indicator used to measure market volatility, typically using the average of true ranges from 14 periods that can be daily, weekly, monthly, or even intraday values.
The formula for ATR is:
ATR = Previous ATR (n - 1) + True Rangen / n
n= number of periods
True Range = The greater/highest of these:
- High - low (Day 1)
- Absolute value of (Day 1’s high - Day 0’s close)
- Absolute value of (Day 1’s low - Day 0’s close)
Firm Allotment
Firm Allotment is the process of allocating shares during an IPO to investors who are not considered to be retail public investors. The firm allotment is done as per SEBI guidelines, which dictate that a portion of the IPO can be allocated to the likes of Mutual Funds, regular employees (permanent), and others.
The complete list of firm allotments for investors by allocation is as follows.
- Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs): 30%
- Development Financial Institutions (DFIs): 20%
- Mutual Funds: 20%
- Regular Employees (permanent): 10%
- Employee of Promoting Company: 10%
- Lead Bankers: 5%
Any leftover percentage can be allocated to promoters.
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